This paper extends a presentation at the panel discussion “Will the Changing U.S. Energy Mix Transform Multimodal Freight Systems?” made at the 2015 annual Washington Meeting of the Transportation Research Board.

Caption
This photograph shows a Dassault Rafale aircraft parked on the tarmac of the French Air and Space Force Luxeuil-Saint-Sauveur Airbase in Saint-Sauveur, France, on March 18, 2025. (Ludovic Marin/AFP via Getty Images)