This publication examines the legal parameters of the term "effective control" under international law in the context of an occupation and asserts that the application of the standards of the test for "effective control" indicates that
![The reentry of an unarmed Minuteman III ICBM after a test over the Marshall Islands on September 6, 2023. (US Army photo by Amy Hansen)](/sites/default/files/styles/16_9_sm/public/2024-06/8059034.jpg?h=8cdf5baa&itok=YvJnMVLv)
Caption
The reentry of an unarmed Minuteman III ICBM after a test over the Marshall Islands on September 6, 2023. (US Army photo by Amy Hansen)